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A Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team, sometimes Visible Intermodal Protection and Response (VIPR, or VIPER) is a Transportation Security Administration program. Various government sources have differing descriptions of VIPR's exact mission. It is specifically authorized by which says that the program is to "augment the security of any mode of transportation at any location within the United States". Authority for the program is under the Secretary of Homeland Security. The program falls under TSA's Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service.〔 TSA OLE/FAMS shares responsibility for the program with the Office of Security Operations and Transportation Sector Network Management.〔 The VIPR teams detain and search travelers at railroad stations, bus stations, ferries, car tunnels, ports, subways, truck weigh stations, rest areas, and special events.〔〔〔〔〔 They also can deploy to deal with CBRNE/WMD (chemical, biological, radioactive, nuclear, and explosive weapons of mass destruction).〔 They also inspect ships, containers, and vehicles.〔 == History == The GAO says VIPR was prompted by the 2004 Madrid train bombings.〔 The program started up in December 2005.〔 The program was first created to work in a "non-aviation environment".〔〔 Bad initial planning caused "strained relations" with local law enforcement.〔〔 In July 2007 VIPR teams carried out controversial operations in several cities for the holiday weekend (see below). In June 2007 VIPR began working in "aviation environments".〔 In 2007 TSA reported there had been 84 missions in 18 months; as of 2011 TSA was conducting about 8,000 VIPR operations per year.〔 VIPR had an annual budget of $100 million and was growing rapidly.〔 Notable special events they have worked include the Presidential Inauguration, the Special Olympics, the Democratic National Convention, NFL games and others.〔 After the 2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting TSA moved some of its 37 VIPR teams from surface-transportation settings to airports, according to TSA Administrator John Pistole.〔(TSA May Make Special-Tactics Teams Fixture at Airports )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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